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DOES DIVORCE HURT KIDS?

Not so very much, says the latest major study. But it contradicts the one before it, so who's right?

Here's an old bit from a stand-up comic's act: "Some say the glass is half empty. Some say it is half full. I say it's twice as big as it needs to be."

This is a story of glasses, not nearly empty, not quite full. Except that the glasses are the children of divorce--a million new ones each year in the U.S.--and what's being measured is their misery. For decades, since a pioneering study by Judith S. Wallerstein in 1971, sociologists and family-health specialists have posited that the wrenching act of divorce and its aftermath leave scars that can linger--in the afflicted children, throughout adolescence and into adulthood. This theory, buttressed by Wallerstein's 2000 best seller, The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: A 25 Year Landmark Study, helped explain so many ills--depression, juvenile delinquency, poor grades--even as it justified a flourishing victim-and-caregiver industry.

Now a widely heralded study, published this week, indicates that the glass isn't quite full but isn't cracked either. In For Better or For Worse: Divorce Reconsidered (W.W. Norton; 320 pages; $26.95), ,, a psychology professor emeritus at the University of Virginia, and her co-author John Kelly declare that 75% to 80% of children of divorce are functioning well, with little long-term damage. The claims are sure to stir debate over the delicate, brutal decision to end a marriage. They have already riled other family researchers.

Among the findings of the study, which tracked nearly 1,400 families and more than 2,500 children, some for three decades:

• Within two years of their parents' divorce, the vast majority of children "are beginning to function reasonably well again."
• Some women and girls "turned out to be more competent, able people than if they had stayed in unhappy family situations."
• 70% of divorced parents are living happier lives than they did before divorce.

"My book tries to give a more optimistic look than people like Judith Wallerstein have done," Hetherington says. "A lot of the current work makes it sound as if you've given your kids a terminal disease when they go through a divorce. I am not pro-divorce. I think people should work harder on their marriages: support each other and weather the rough spots. And divorce is a painful experience. I've never seen a victimless divorce--where the mother, father or child didn't suffer extreme distress when the family broke up. But 75% to 80% do recover."

Hetherington found that 25% of children from divorced families have serious social, emotional or psychological problems, as opposed to 10% of kids from intact families. That's 2 1/2 times the risk--on its face, a stat worth worrying over. Hetherington acknowledges the gap between kids in nuclear and postnuclear families: "You can say, 'Wow, that's twice as big,' as some clinicians like Wallerstein do. But what it also means is that 75% of kids are functioning within the normal range. People don't focus on the resiliency of children."

In academe, people are focusing on the Hetherington-Wallerstein debate--a battle of superstars. Both women earned degrees from Berkeley (Wallerstein is also a senior lecturer emeritus there). Hetherington is 75, Wallerstein 79; both are in marriages that have lasted 40-plus years. But their methods vary sharply. Hetherington amassed data on thousands of kids; Wallerstein intimately interviewed about 60. One tactic is broad but shallow, the other deep but narrow.

"Dr Hetherington. never interviewed any child," Wallerstein says. "I've talked to children for thousands of hours. I was interested in what they think, what they wish for. And as adults, these young people were frightened of failure, frightened of commitment, afraid they were going to follow in their parents' footsteps. She doesn't have that. I don't think her study adds to our understanding of children and adults of divorce, and I'm sorry that it doesn't."

The real difference may be not in their methods (the statistician vs. the shrink) but in their temperaments (hopeful vs. fretful). Says Hetherington: "Wallerstein is fond of saying it's whether the cup is half empty or half full, but it's not. It's whether the cup is 20% to 25% empty or 75% to 80% full." She adds with a laugh, "That's a big difference."

There's a difference too between this debate and the anguish millions of parents endure, and put their kids through, while trying to decide whether to live together or apart. Compared with that, a scholarly family feud may seem a mere tempest in a teacup.

PHOTO (COLOR): HETHERINGTON: 75% to 80% of children of divorce function well, with little long-term harm to their adult lives

PHOTO (COLOR): WALLERSTEIN: The damaging effects of divorce on children are cumulative, and the major impact comes in adulthood

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By Richard Corliss

Reported by Lisa McLaughlin, New York

Lectura global

Instrucciones: Completa la siguiente tabla indicando la información que te aportan los elementos visuales.

Elemento	Información que aporta
Título	El texto probablemente hablará de cómo afecta emocionalmente a los niños el proceso de divorcio
Números	1971.- año en el que se publicó el estudio de judith wallerstein año 2000 fue en el año donde tuvo más ventas su  libro, año 25.- duración del estudio Landmark 320.- numero de paginas 2695.- se refiere al costo 1400 familias y más de  2500 hijos.- número de sujetos rastreados por 3 décadas 2 ½ de veces de posibilidades que tengan problemas los hijos 75,79; edades de Wallerstein y Hetherington 40.- esas señoras tienen más de 40 años de casados 60.- de miles de niños entrevistó a 60 niños
Nombres de personas
Porcentajes	75 al 80% los hijos que aceptaron mejor la situación después del divorcio 70% de los padres viven mas  felices despues del divorcio 75% al 80%.- madres padres o hijos se recuperan 25% de los hijos de padres divorciados sufren problemas psicológicos y sociales 10% hijos de familias intactas 75%.- a hombres divorciados no les pasa nada 20% to 25% (vacio) 75% a 80% (lleno) son comparaciones de taza de comparación 755 a 80% hijos de padres divorciados les va bien.
Fotografías	fotos de Wallerstein y Hetherington

Análisis oracional:

Instrucciones: Selecciona cinco enunciados del texto y analizalos  en sus partes funcionales. Elabora el mapa mental de cada una de ellas.

Oración 1	does divorce hurt kids?
Sujeto	divorce
Verbo	does- hurts
Complemento(s)	kids (c. o . d.)
Oración Sujeto divorce Verbo does-hurts Complemento kids

Oración 2	the wrenching act of divorce leave scars
Sujeto	the wrenching
Verbo	act of divorce
Complemento(s)	leave scars (c. o. d.)
Oración Sujeto the wrenching Verbo act of divorce Complemento leave scars

Oración 3	scars  can linger in the afflicted children, throughout adolescence and into adulthood.
Sujeto	scars
Verbo	can linger
Complemento(s)	in the afflicted children (c. o. d.)) throughout adolescence and into adulthood. (c. c. t.)
Oración Sujeto scars Verbo can linger Complemento in the afflicted children (c. o. i.)) throughout adolescence and into adulthood.(c. c. t.)

Oración 4	A 25 Year Landmark Study, helped explain so many ills--depression, juvenile delinquency, poor grades
Sujeto	Landmark Study
Verbo	helped explain
Complemento(s)	A 25 Year (c.c. t.) so many ills--depression, juvenile delinquency, poor grades (c.o. d.)
Oración Sujeto Landmark Study Verbo helped explain Complemento so many ills--depression, juvenile delinquency, poor grades (c.o. d.) A 25 year (c.c.t)

Oración 5	Norton and Kelly declare that 75% to 80% of children of divorce are functioning well, with little long-term damage.
Sujeto	Norton and Kelly
Verbo	declare
Complemento(s)	that 75% to 80% of children of divorce are functioning well (c. o d) with little long-term damage. (c. c .m)
Oración Sujeto Norton and Kelly Verbo declare Complemento that 75% to 80% of children of divorce are functioning well (c. o d) with little long-term damage. (c. c .m)

Clases de palabras

Instrucciones: Selecciona cinco enunciados del texto y analiza sus en sus partes funcionales y las categorías gramaticales que componen a cada una de ellas. Elabora sus respectivos mapas mentales.

Oración 1	People don't focus on the resiliency of children.
Sujeto	People (sust)
Verbo	don't (aux negativo presente) focus(verb en present)
Complemento(s)	on(prep) the(art) resiliency of children."(sist)
Oración Sujeto People (sust) Verbo don't (aux negativo presente) focus(verb en present) Complemento on(prep) the(art) resiliency of children."(suist)

Oración 2	Divorce is a painful experience.
Sujeto	divorce (sust.)
Verbo	is (to be, presente)
Complemento(s)	a(art) painful (adj)  experience (sust)
Oración Sujeto divorce (sust.) Verbo is (to be, presente) Complemento a(art) painful (adj) experience (sust)

Oración 3	Dr Hetherington. never interviewed any child
Sujeto	Dr Hetherington. (sust)
Verbo	never(adv) interviewed (verbo en pasado simple)
Complemento(s)	any (adv) child (sust)
Oración Sujeto Dr Hetherington. (sust) Verbo never(adv) interviewed (verbo en pasado simple) Complemento any (adv) child (sust)

Oración 4	kids are functioning within the normal range
Sujeto	kids (sust)
Verbo	are (to be, presente) functioning (verb “ing”)
Complemento(s)	within(prep) the(art) normal (adj) range (sust)
Oración Sujeto kids (sust) Verbo are (to be, presente) functioning (verb “ing”) Complemento within(prep) the(art) normal (adj) range (sust)

Oración 5	They have already riled other family researchers.
Sujeto	They (pronombre)
Verbo	have(verb en presente) already (adv) riled (adj)
Complemento(s)	other(adj) family researchers.(sust)
Oración Sujeto They (pronombre) Verbo never(adv) interviewed (verbo en pasado simple) Complemento other(adj) family researchers.(sust)